The thermal comfort simulation software Cit圜omfort+ Increase the thermal comfortable area in urban spaces. Optimization method to reduce outdoor heat stress and Is yet to be fully adopted by practitioners in design Increasingly used to assess outdoor thermal conditions, it Urban neighbourhood may have significant environmental In the urban planning and design field, especially in The outdoor thermal environment is of growing concern Alternative strategies, such as breeze enhancement, water-spray and management of anthropogenic heat discharges were predicted to further help to cool the city by 3.1 ☌, 6.8 ☌, and 1.8 ☌, respectively. In a high-density city, plants converted sensible heat into latent gains at a slower rate than the anthropogenic exhaust heat. By covering 40% of site with greenery, a practical limit, the expected air temperature and UTCI reductions were 0.3 ☌, lower than previous estimates due to limited sunlight and ground-level surfaces for planting the cooling benefits of greenery were predicted to be higher in dry climates and lower in humid ones. Sensitivity studies were then conducted to compare the cooling performances of greenery in five scenarios under various coverage ratio and climates. A reasonably good agreement was observed between measured and predicted temperature and humidity. The model has been evaluated using field studies in two parks in Hong Kong. A novel simulation model, the Urban Greenery and Built Environment, was developed to assess the time-varying interactions between plants and anthropogenic heat at street scale. How much can greenery cool a city remains inconclusive in literature, especially in a high-density city where plants interact with anthropogenic heat from surrounding buildings and traffic. The next step is to compare its performance with existing methods. This study is subject to limitations from sensor accuracy and the thermal inertia of the grey ball thermometer, and the Cit圜omfort+ method is still under development. ![]() A sensitivity test using Cit圜omfort+ revealed that Tmrt on the study site will be mostly affected by the heat capacity and emissivity of surface material, not albedo. Also, predicted mean surface temperature agreed well with the measurement data. Simulation results yielded close agreement with measured Tmrt. Cit圜omfort+ was evaluated in field studies conducted in a dense urban courtyard (mean sky view factor of 0.4) in Boston, Massachusetts, USA under winter, spring, and summer (cold, warm, and hot) weather conditions. The novelty of Cit圜omfort+ lies in a new algorithm to model surface temperature and associated long-wave radiation as well as the application of RADIANCE, a ray-tracing algorithm that can accurately simulate 3-D radiation fluxes in a complex urban space (Ward, et al, 1998). This method derives the Tmrt by modeling five components of radiation fluxes-direct solar radiation, diffuse solar radiation, reflected solar radiation, long-wave radiation from the atmosphere, and long-wave radiation from urban surfaces-each weighted by view factors. This paper introduces Cit圜omfort+, a new method to simulate the spatial variation of the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) in dense urban areas.
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